LibGuides: APA Style: Examples in Reference List

Textual Works

Template

Author	Date	Title	Source
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. Name of Group.	(2020).	Title of article.	Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), page range. Title of Periodical, 34(2), 5-12. Title of Periodical, 34(2), Article 1432. Title of Periodical.	https://doi.org/xxx* https://xxxxx

Author

Date

Title

Source

Periodical information

DOI or URL

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.

Name of Group.

(2020).

Title of article.

Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), page range.

Title of Periodical, 34(2), 5-12.

Title of Periodical, 34(2), Article 1432.

Title of Periodical.

https://doi.org/xxx*

https://xxxxx

* Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless of whether you used the online version or the print version.

Journal article with a DOI

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), page range. DOI

Moriguchi, Y., & Terazono, A. (2000). A simplified model for spatially differentiated impact assessment of air emissions. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 5(5), 281-286. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02977580

Parenthetical: (Moriguchi & Terazono, 2000)

Narrative: Moriguchi and Terazono (2000)

Journal article without a DOI or printed

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), page range.

Collette, J. M. (1992). Sustainable economic-development and sustainable energy use. International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 4(4), 220-239.

Parenthetical: (Collette, 1992)

Narrative: Collette (1992)

* For works without DOIs from most academic research databases, do not include a URL or database information. The reference should be the same as the reference for a print version of the work.

* For works without DOIs from websites, provide a URL in the reference.

Journal article with an article number

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C. C., Author D. D., & Author, E. E. (Date). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, Article number. DOI

Huang, S. W., He, Q., Liu, M. Y., An, H., & Hou, L. X. (2020). Controlled synthesis of porous nanosheets-assembled peony-like cobalt nickel selenides for triiodide reduction in dye-sensitized solar cells. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 818, Article 152817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.152817

Parenthetical: (Huang et al., 2020)

Narrative: Huang et al. (2020)

Journal article, 3-20 authors

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C. C., Author D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., & Author, I. I. (Date). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number, page range. DOI

Zafar, M., Khan, S. A., Sher, F., Ali, M., Manzoor, T., Rahman, S. A., Kim, W. Y., Saleem, M., & Kim, D. H. (2020). Effect of randomly grown morphology of ZnO nanorods in inverted organic solar cells. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 20(7), 4414-4418. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17542

Parenthetical: (Zafar et al., 2020)

Narrative: Zafar et al. (2020)

Journal article, 21 or more authors

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C. C., Author D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S .S., . . . Author, Z. Z. (Date). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue), page range. DOI

Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty one pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of Improbable Mathematics, 27(1), 1935–1968. https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537

Parenthetical: (Wiskunde et al., 2019)

Narrative: Wiskunde et al. (2019)

* When there are 21 authors or more, include the first 19 author's names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add the final author's name.

Journal article, published in another language

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author C. C., & Author D. D. (Date). Title of article [Translation of the title]. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), page range.

Gagnon, C., Chouinard, M., Lavoie, M., & Champagne, F. (2010). Analyse du rôle de l’infirmière dans le suivi des personnes atteintes de maladies neuromusculaires [Nursing in neuromuscular diseases]. Canadian Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 32(4), 22-29.

Parenthetical: (Gagnon et al., 2010)

Narrative: Gagnon et al. (2010)

* For the convenience of the reader, it may be necessary to translate the title of an article neither written in English nor in Swedish. The translation is placed in square brackets after the title.

Journal article, in press

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (in press). Title of article. Title of Periodical.

Müller, J. F., & Gogoll, J. (in press). Should manual driving be (eventually) outlawed? Science and Engineering Ethics.

Parenthetical: (Müller & Gogoll, in press)

Narrative: Müller and Gogoll (in press)

Article from magazine, newspaper and blog

Template

Author	Date	Title	Source
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.* Name of Group.	(2020, January). (2020, January 16). (n.d.).**	Title of article. Title of article. Title of blog post.	Title of periodical. Title of periodical, 35(2), 1-2. Site Name. Title of blog.	https://xxxxx Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://xxxxx**

Author

Date

Title

Source

Periodical information, Website

URL

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.*

Name of Group.

(2020, January).

(2020, January 16).

(n.d.).**

Title of article.

Title of article.

Title of blog post.

Title of periodical.

Title of periodical, 35(2), 1-2.

Site Name.

Title of blog.

https://xxxxx

Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://xxxxx**

* If the author is unknown move the title of the work to the author position.

** If the publication date of a work is unknown or cannot be determined write "n. d." (no date) in parentheses, Include a retrieval date.

Article from magazine and newspaper, print

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Title of periodical, vol. (issue), page range.

Inghe, M. (2014). 7 smartaste mobilerna. PC för alla Digitala hemmet, 18(6-7), 28-35.

Tivermo, J. (2020, February 24). Så ska Gothenburg horse show bli ännu bättre 2021. Göteborgs-Posten.

Parenthetical: (Inge, 2014; Tivermo, 2020)

Narrative: Inge (2014) and Tivermo (2020)

Article from magazine and newspaper, online

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Title of periodical. URL

Poulsen, A. G. (2014). Aeromobilen: både sportflygplan och racerbil. .Illustrerad Vetenskap. http://illvet.se/

Parenthetical: (Poulsen, 2014)

Narrative: Poulsen (2014)

Article from magazine and newspaper, news website

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of article. Site Name. URL

Guy, J. (2020, February 21). Frozen bird found in Siberia is 46,000 years old. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/02/21/europe/frozen-bird-ice-age-scli-intl-scn/index.html

Parenthetical: (Guy, 2020)

Narrative: Guy (2020)

Blog post

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of blog post. Blog title. URL

Björn, L. O. (2019, December 9). Hundra procent solenergi. Forskning & Framsteg. https://fof.se/blogg/hundra-procent-solenergi

Parenthetical: (Björn, 2019)

Narrative: Björn (2019)

Book

Template - Book

Author or editor	Date	Title	Source
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. Name of group. Editor, E. E. (Ed.). Editor, E. E., & Editor, F. F. (Eds.).	(2020).	Title of book. Title of book (3rd ed.)* Title of book (2nd ed., Vol. 4)	Publisher Name.	https://doi.org/xxx** https://xxxxx

Author or editor

Date

Title

Source

Publisher information

DOI or URL

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.

Name of group.

Editor, E. E. (Ed.).

Editor, E. E., & Editor, F. F. (Eds.).

(2020).

Title of book.

Title of book (3rd ed.)*

Title of book (2nd ed., Vol. 4)

Publisher Name.

https://doi.org/xxx**

https://xxxxx

* Edition information is given as from the second edition.

** Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless of whether you used the online version or the print version.

***Note that talking books or DAISY books is only indicated by the publisher. No other information is needed.

Template - Chapter

Chapter author	Date	Chapter title	Source
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. Name of group.	(2020).	Title of chapter.	In Title of book (pp. 1-16). Publisher Name. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. 3-13). Publisher Name. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (7nd ed., pp. 3-13).** Publisher Name.	https://doi.org/xxx https://xxxxx

Chapter author

Date

Chapter title

Source

Edited book information

DOI eller URL

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.

Name of group.

(2020).

Title of chapter.

In Title of book (pp. 1-16). Publisher Name.

In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. 3-13). Publisher Name.

In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (7nd ed., pp. 3-13).** Publisher Name.

https://doi.org/xxx

https://xxxxx

* Note that in order to specify which book the chapter is part of, place an "In" before the book´s title.

** Edition information is given as from the second edition.

Book, with or without a DOI

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of book. Publisher Name. DOI

Goldengorin, B., Krushinsky, D., & Pardalos, P. M. (2013). Cell information in industrial engineering: Theory, algorithms and experiments. Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8002-0

Lancaster, M. (2016). Green chemistry: An introductory text (2nd ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry.

Parenthetical: (Goldengorin et al., 2013; Lancester, 2016)

Narrative: Goldengorin (2013) and Lancester (2016)

Book with editor

Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Date). Title of book. Publisher Name. DOI

Blom, I., Sogner, S., Rosenbeck, B., & Björkander-Mannheimer, E. (Eds.). (2006). Kvinnor i västvärlden från renässans till nutid: Renässans, reformation och revolution. Liber.

Smith, A. E. (Ed.). (2020).Women in industrial and systems engineering: Key advances and perspectives on emerging topics. Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11866-2

Parenthetical: (Blom et al., 2006; Smith, 2020)

Narrative: Blom et al. (2006) and Smith (2020)

Edited book

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title of book (Xth ed.). Publisher Name. DOI

Eriksson, L.T., & Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (2001). Att utreda, forska och rapportera. (7th ed). Liber ekonomi.

Parenthetical: (Eriksson & Wiedersheim-Paul, 2001)

Narrative: Eriksson and Wiedersheim-Paul (2001)

Book chapter, with an editor

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. 3-13). Publisher Name.

van der Schans, J. W., & Wiskerke, J. S. C. (2012). Urban agriculture in developed economies. In A. Viljonen & J. S. C. Whiskerke (Eds.), Sustainable food planning: Evolving theory and practice (pp. 245-258). Wageningen Academic Publishers.

Parenthetical: (van der Schans & Wiskerke, 2012)

Narrative: van der Schans and Wiskerke (2012)

Book in a series

Author, A. A., Author, B. B. & Author, C. C. (Date). Title of book (Xth ed., Vol. X). Publisher Name. DOI

Fiske, S. T., Gilbert, D. T., & Lindzey, G. (2010). Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., Vol. 1). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119

Parenthetical: (Fiske et al., 2010)

Narrative: Fiske et al. (2010)

Book in another language

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of book [Translation of the title]. Publisher Name.

Bruderer, H. (2015). Meilensteine der rechentechnik : Zur geschichte der mathematik und der informatik [Milestones in computer use: the history of mathematics and computer science]. Walter de Gruyter GmbH.

Paranthetical: (Bruderer, 2015)

Narrative: Bruderer (2015)

* To make it easier for the reader, it may be necessary to translate the title of a book or ebook that is not written in English. The translation is placed within square brackets after the title.

Conference

Conference, paper presentation

Presenter, A. A. (Date). Title of contribution [Paper presentation]. Conference Name, Location.

Stone, J. (2004, November 30-December 1). A new integrated system for digital cinema projection and security [Paper presentation]. The IEEE 2-day seminar on IT to HD: Visions of Broadcasting in the 21st Century (Ref. No. 2004/10760). London, UK.

Parenthetical: (Stone, 2004)

Narrative: Stone (2004)

Conference, poster presentation

Presenter, A. A., & Presenter, B. B. (Date). Title of contribution [Poster presentation]. Conference Name, Location.

Davis, K., & Campell, K. (2007, April 20). Poster presentation 3 : Metal-doped chalcogenide glasses as phase-change memory materials [Poster presentation]. 2007 IEEE Workshop on Microelectronics and Electron Devices, Boise, ID, USA.

Parenthetical: (Davis & Campell, 2007)

Narrative: Davis and Campell (2007)

Conference, session

Presenter, A. A., Presenter, B. B. & Presenter, C.C. (Date). Title of contribution [Conference session]. Conference Name, Location. URL

Fistek, A., Jester, E., & Sonnenberg, K. (2017, July 12-15). Everybody`s got a little music in them: Using music therapy to connect, engage, and motivate [Conference session]. Autism Society National Conference, Milwaukee, WI, United States. https://asa.confex.com/asa/2017/webprogramarchives/Session9517.html

Parenthetical: (Fistrek et al., 2017)

Narrative: Fistrek et al. (2017)

Conference proceeding

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), page range. DOI

Karwalska, R., & Mazur-Belzyt, K. (2020). Eco-city: Model concept for transforming brownfield into modern urban district [Conference Paper]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 960(4), Article 042015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/960/4/042015

Parenthetical: (Karwalska & Mazur-Belzyt, 2020)

Narrative: Karwalska and Mazur-Belzyt (2020)

Conference proceedings published in a journal follow the same format as journal articles. For more examples see Academic Journal.

Dissertation and Thesis

Unpublished dissertation or thesis

Author, A. A. (Date). Title [Unpublished X thesis]. Source.

Lindvall, N. (2012). Towards graphene-based devices: Fabrication and characterization [Unpublished licentiate dissertation]. Chalmers University of Technology.

Parenthetical: (Lindvall, 2012)

Narrative: Lindvall (2012)

* Unpublished works generally must be retrieved directly from the university in print form, place the name of the university in the source element.

Dissertation or thesis published online, in a database or archive

Author, A. A. (Date). Title. [X thesis, Name of institution Awarding the Degree]. Source. URL

Abrahamsson, N. (2013). Individuell mätning och debitering av värme i flerbostadshus: Svenska förutsättningar i jämförelse med erfarenheter från Tyskland och Danmark [Bachelor thesis, Uppsala University]. DiVA. http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A586048&dswid=-141

Gunnarsson, A. (2019). Radiative heat transfer in suspension-fired systems [Doctoral dissertation, Chalmers University of Technology]. Chalmers Research. https://research.chalmers.se/publication/511425

Gustafsson, E. (2019). Digital model-driven retail supply chain management (Publication no 27556610) [Licentiate dissertation, Chalmers Univerity of Technology]. ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Global.

Parenthetical: (Abrahamsson, 2013; Gunnarsson, 2019; Gustavsson, 2019)

Narrative: Abrahamsson (2013), Gunnarsson (2019) and Gustavsson (2019)

* If published works are available from a database, a university archive or a personal website, place the name of the university in square brackets after the title.

Report

Report from a government or other organization

Name of Group. (Date). Title of report (Report No. X). Publisher Name. URL

International Maritime Organization. (2014). Implications of The United Nations convention on the law of the sea for the International Maritime Organization (LEG/MISC.8). http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Legal/Documents/LEG%20MISC%208.pdf

National Cancer Institute. (2018). Facing forward: Life after cancer treatment (NIH Publication No. 18-2424). US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/life-after-treatment.pdf

Parenthetical: (International Maritime Organization [IMO], 2014; National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2018)

Narrative: International Maritime Organization (IMO, 2014) and National Cancer Institute (NCI, 2018)

* When the publisher is the same as the author omit the publisher from the source element.

Provide the full name of the group on first mention in the text, followed by the abbreviation. The next time you cite the source, the abbreviation is used.

Report by indiviual authors at a government agency or other organization

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of report (Report No. X). Publisher Name. URL

Algotsson, J., & Edman, M. (2019). Förslag till statusklassning av parameter 9.5 Sötvatteninflöde och vattenutbyte i kustvatten och vatten i övergångszon: En jämförelse mellan Kustzonsmodellens naturliga och normala uppsättning (Oceanografi, nr. 127). SMHI. http://smhi.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1367735/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Vierth, I. (2008). Långa och tunga lastbilars effekter på transportsystemet: Redovisning av regeringsuppdrag (VTI rapport, 605). VTI.

Parenthetical: (Algotsson & Edman, 2019; Vierth, 2008)

Narrative: Algotsson and Edman (2019) and Vierth (2008)

State public reports

Name of Group. (Date). Title of report (Report No. X). Publisher Name. URL

Delegationen för mänskliga rättigheter i Sverige. (2010). Ny struktur för skydd av mänskliga rättigheter: Slutbetänkande (SOU 2010:70). Fritzes offentliga publikationer. https://www.regeringen.se/49baff/contentassets/3da10d176fae4352bd4ee41b4bbd971a/ny-struktur-for-skydd-av-manskliga-rattigheter-sou-201070

Nationella folkhälsokommittén. (2000). Hälsa på lika villkor: Nationella mål för folkhälsan: Slutbetänkande (SOU 2000:91). Fritzes offentliga publikationer.

Parenthical: (Delegationen för mänskliga rättigheter i Sverige, 2010; Nationella folkhälsokommittén, 2000)

Narrative: Delegationen för mänskliga rättigheter (2010) and Nationella folkhälsokommittén (2000)

* SOU is treated as a report with an organization as an author. However, the organization usually appoint a committee or investigation group that becomes the actual author. If it is difficult to determine names or if they have names that do not function independently, they are subordinated to their respective administrative units.

Other Sources

Annual report

Annual report, online

Name of Group. (Date). Title. Publisher Name.* URL.

Google Sweden AB. (2015). Årsredovisning för räkenskapsåret 2015. https://www5.infotorg.se/f30/view.htm?id=F165566566880&view=IMAL&viewFrom=VML

Parenthetical: (Google Sweden AB, 2015)

Narrative: Google Sweden AB (2015)

* When the publisher is the same as the author omit the publisher from the source element.

Annual report, print

Name of Group. (Date). Title. Publisher Name.

Försvarets materielverk. (2020). Årsredovisning 2019. Försvarsmakten.

Parenthetical: (Försvarets materielverk [FMV], 2020)

Narrative: Försvarets materialverk (FMV, 2020)

* Provide the full name of the group on first mention in the text, followed by the abbreviation. The next time you cite the source, the abbreviation is used.

Data Set, Software and AI

Template

Author	Date	Title	Source
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. Name of group.	(2020).* (2015-2019).**	Title of data set (Version 1.2)*** [Data Set]. Title of data set [Unpublished raw data]. [Description of unpublished raw data without a title]. Title of work (Version 1.2) [Software]. Title of work (Version 4.6) [Mobile app].	Publisher Name. Source of unpublished data. App Store.	https://doi.org/xxx https://xxxxx Retrieved October 21, 2020, from https://xxxxx

Author

Date

Title

Source

Publisher

DOI or URL

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.

Name of group.

(2020).*

(2015-2019).**

Title of data set (Version 1.2)*** [Data Set].

Title of data set [Unpublished raw data].

[Description of unpublished raw data without a title].

Title of work (Version 1.2) [Software].

Title of work (Version 4.6) [Mobile app].

Publisher Name.

Source of unpublished data.

App Store.

https://doi.org/xxx

https://xxxxx

Retrieved October 21, 2020, from https://xxxxx

* The date for published data is the year of publication.

** The date for unpublished data is year(s) of collection, e.g. (2017-2020).

*** When a version number exists, include it in parentheses after the title.

Description of format, e.g. data set, code, software, is placed within square brackets after title and version.

For an untitled data set, provide a description in square brackets.

In the source element of the reference provide the name of the organization that has published, archived, produced, or distributed the data set; for unpublished data, provide the source, if known. When the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher from the source element. Include a retrieval date only if the data set is designed to change over time.

APA recommends that you specify a source (in-text and in reference list) when you have done secondary analysis of publicly archived data or when you present your own archived data for the first time in the current work.

Programming languages, common software and apps mentioned in the text do not need citations as long as no direct quotes or paraphrases have been made. Examples of common software and apps that do not need source are Microsoft Office, social media apps such as Facebook and Instagram, Qualtrics, Survey Monkey, Adobe, Java, statistical analysis software, etc.

Data Sets

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of data set (Version X) [Data set]. Publisher Name. DOI/URL

O’Donohue, W. (2017). Content analysis of undergraduate psychology textbooks (ICPSR 21600; Version V1) [Data set]. ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36966.v1

Pew Research Center. (2018). American trends panel Wave 26 [Data set]. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/dataset/american-trends-panel-wave-26/

Parenthetical: (O’Donohue, 2017; Pew Research Center, 2018)

Narrative: O’Donohue (2017) and Pew Research Center (2018)

Unpublished raw data

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of data set [Unpublished raw data]. Publisher Name.

Baer, R. A. (2015). [Unpublished raw data on the correlations between the Five Facet Mindfullness Questionnaire and the Kentucky Inventory of Mindfullness Skills]*. University of Kentucky.

Oregon Youth Authority. (2010-2011). Recidivism outcomes [Unpublished raw data].

Parenthetical: (Baer, 2015; Oregon Youth Authority [OYA]**, 2010-2011)

Narrative: Baer (2015) and Oregon Youth Authority (OYA, 2010-2011)

* For an untitled data set, provide a description in square brackets.

** Provide the full name of the group on first mention in the text, followed by the abbreviation. The next time you cite the source, the abbreviation is used.

AI

An AI system can be a useful tool that can contribute to increased quality and productivity in your studies and in your future career, but it is important to be aware of the limitations and risks associated with AI systems. Note that it is not always permitted to use AI systems in your education. Always check with your teacher or examiner to what extent AI systems are allowed or not allowed to be used. You can read more about Chalmers' stance on AI systems here: Use of AI systems, known as chatbots, in your studies

Text from generative AI is, for the most part, non-recoverable, meaning there is no way to link to it, and there is no way for the reader to access the source afterward. APA 7th style, therefore, recommends clarifying in the text how and in what manner the AI system has been used, including the prompt.

Template:

Author, A. A. (Year). Model name [Description]. URL.

Example in the reference list:

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/share/5a1327c0-e637-4b3c-a3db-c380b8008ca8

Example for in text citation:

…(OpenAI, 2023)

Alt.

According to OpenAI (2023)…

Software

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., & Author, D. D. (Date). Title of work (Version X) [Software]. Publisher Name. URL

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2014). Comprehensive meta-analysis (Version 3.3.070) [Computer software]. Biostat. https://www.meta-analysis.com/

Parenthetical: (Borenstein et al., 2014)

Narrative: Borenstein et al. (2014)

Entry in a dictionary, thesaurus or encyclopedia

Individual author

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of encyclopedia (X ed.). URL. Source. URL

Graham, G. (2019). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 Edition). Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/behaviorism

Parenthetical: (Graham, 2019)

Narrative: Graham (2019)

Group author

Name of Group. (n.d.). Title of chapter. In Title of encyclopedia. Retrieved month date, year, from URL

Britannica Academic. (n.d.). Solar cell. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 1, 2020, from https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/solar-cell/106046

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Solar cell. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March 2, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/solar%20cell

Parenthetical: (Britannica Academic, n.d.; Merriam-Webster, n.d.)

Narrative: Britannica Academic (n.d.) and Merriam-Webster (n.d.)

Wikipedia entry

Title of chapter. (Date). In Wikipedia. URL

Aktiebolag. (n.d.*). In Wikipedia. Retrieved March 12, 2020**, from https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiebolag

List of oldest companies. (2020, March 2). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oldest_companies&oldid=942822555

Parenthetical: ("Aktiebolag", n.d.; "List of Oldest Companies", 2020)

Narrative: "Aktiebolag" (n.d.) and "List of Oldest Companies" (2020)

* When an entry is continuously updated and the version is not archived, use "n.d." as the year of publication and include a retrieval date.

** Include a retrieval date only if the work is unarchived and designed to change over time. Read more about retrieval date under General Guidelines.

Cite the archived version of the page so the readers can retrieve the version you used. Access the archived version on Wikipedia by selecting "View history" and then the time and date of the version you used. If a wiki does not provide permanent links to archived versions of the page, include the URL for the entry and the retrieval date.

Fact Sheet

Fact sheet, online

Name of Group. Date. Title of fact sheet [Description]. Publisher.* URL

El-kretsen. (2010). Vinnande återvinning [Fact sheet]. http://www.el-kretsen.se/sitespecific/elkretsen/files/atervinningssystemetdokument/vitvaror_produktblad.pdf

Parenthetical: (El-kretsen, 2010)

Narrative: El-kretsen (2010)

* When the publisher is the same as the author omit the publisher from the source element.

Fact sheet, print

Name of Group. Date. Title of fact sheet [Description]. Publisher.

Holmia. (1900). Prislistor över elektrisk installationsmateriel [Fact sheet].

Parenthetical: (Holmia, 1900)

Narrative: Holmia (1900)

Laws, Constitutional Collections and Public Publications

Information and guidelines

The APA Style Manual does not provide comprehensive guidance for public print and legal materials outside the jurisdiction of the United States, and in some respects the handling of legal materials differs from other types of materials. The examples below are based on Swedish practice and are suggestions for how to refer when using the APA style.

If there is an accepted and established constitutional name, it is printed in full the first time the source is cited. After that, only the abbreviation is used.

In the reference list, laws, constitutional collections, and other public publications are sorted in ascending order in addition to alphabetical order. For example, SOU 2019:1 comes before SOU 2019:2.

Chapters and paragraphs can be specified in the text if necessary. In such a case, add paragraph numbering and chapter in the reference in the in-text citation.

Example:

According to 2 §, chap. 2, in SFS 2017:30 . . .

SOU and Ds

Swedish Government Official Reports (SOU)

SOU year:no.Title.Publisher. URL

Example in the reference list:

SOU 2023:22. Data storage and access to electronic information. [Datalagring och åtkomst till elektronisk information]. Ministry of Justice. https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/35276188514d40fb87785c81c0fbda93/datalagring-och-atkomst-till-elektronisk-information-sou-202322/

Example in-text citation:

…(SOU 2023:22).

Alt.

According to the Data storage and access to electronic information report (SOU 2023:22)…

Ministry Publications Series (Ds)

Ds Year:no. Title. Publisher/Departement. URL

Exampel in the reference list:

Ds 2020:25. Cross-border access to radio and television programs. [Gränsöverskridande tillgång till radio- och tv-program]. Ministry of Justice. https://data.riksdagen.se/fil/F77F889F-A3C2-4E1D-BBFF-2D8B30889DAA

Example in-text citation:

…(Ds 2020:25).

Alt.

According to a report (Ds 2020:25)…

Law and Constitutional Collections

Law designation Year:no. Title: Subtitle. Departement/Ministry. URL

Laws, regulations and some authority documents are published through various constitutional collections. These are collected in the Swedish Constitution Collection (SFS), but other central authorities can also publish their own collections of constitutions. For example; The Housing Authority's Constitution Collection (BFS) The Data Inspection Authority's Constitution Collection (DIFS) and the Maritime and Water Authority's Constitution Collection (HVMFS).

Example 1 in the reference list:

SFS 2013:801. Bibliotekslagen [Library Law]. Ministry of Culture. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/bibliotekslag-2013801_sfs-2013-801/

Example 1 in-text citation:

...(SFS 2013:801).

Alt.

According to the Library law (SFS 2013:801)…

Exempel 2 in the reference list:

SFS 1995:1649. Lag om byggande av järnväg [Railway construction law]. Ministry of Infrastructure. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-19951649-om-byggande-av-jarnvag_sfs-1995-1649

Example 2 in-text citation:

...(SFS 1995:1649).

Alt.

According to the Railway construction law (SFS 1995:1649)…

*An URL is not needed for a printed documents.

European Union Legislation

Legal documents from the EU are published in different EU languages in the Official Journal of the European Union, with series L for legislation and C for notices and information.

Example in the reference list:

Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications. Official Journal of the European Union, L 255, 22-142. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32005L0036&from=EN

Note: The title must include the entire regulation or directive. For the example above, this means that the example below is the title:

Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on the recognition of professional qualifications…

For in-text citations, the title is used as author and abbreviated.

Example in-text citation:

…(Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 2005/36/EC).

Alt.

In the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (2005/36/EC)…

Parliament Documents

The parliament documents consists bills, propositions, interpellations, motions, committee reports, government letters and government decisions.

Statute designation Year:no Title: Subtitle. Departement/Publisher. URL

Example in the referencelist:

Prop. 2019:20/81. Genomförandet av EU:s ändringsdirektiv om byggnaders energiprestanda [Implementation of the EU directive on the energy performance of buildings]. Ministry of Infrastructure. https://data.riksdagen.se/fil/8910C99E-1BB3-4683-86D5-CEAC136B16A5

Example in-text citation:

(Prop. 2019:20/81).

Alt.

According to the proposition (2019:20/81)…

Patent

Inventor, A. A. (Year). Title of patent (Patent No.). Patent and Trademark Office. URL

Hiremath, S.C., Kumar, S., Lu, F., & Salehi, A. (2016). Using metaphors to present concepts across different intellectual domains (U.S. Patent Nr. 9,367,592). U.S Patent and Trademark Office. http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=9367592 *

Kullander, T. (2020). A control system for a wind park (Patent SE 1751445-6). The Swedish Intellectual Property Office. https://tc.prv.se/spd/patent?p1=PUV9IXl40ex7eM42P9NdVA&p2=roxaLt6sPUU&sort=filingdate&hits=true&ipcallklass=F03&lang=sv&tab=3&range=10&hitsstart=20&start=27

Parenthetical: (Hiremath et al., 2016; Kullander, 2020)

Narrative: Hiremath et al. (2016) and Kullander (2020)

* The first patent listed was issued in 2016 to the inventors Hiremath et al., who worked for the computer company IBM. The patent number is a unique identifying code given to every patent. The year refers to the year the patent was issued, not the year the patent was applied for.

List of authorities responsible for intellectual property that issue patents in different countries.

Personal communication

Personal communications are not included in the reference list.

Personal communications include personal interviews, letters, e-mails, PM, classroom lectures notes, text messages and telephone calls. Since this material is normally not available to your reader, personal communications are not included in the reference list; they are cited in the text only.

When you want to use personal communications as sources you must always ask the person/s involved for permission.

Parenthetical: (G. Cerderwall, personal communication, August 8, 2019)

Narrative: G. Cederwall (personal communication, August 8, 2019)

Standard

Corporate author. (2020). Title of standard (Standard No.). Publisher. URL

Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970). Occupational safety and health standards: Occupational health and environmental control: Occupational noise exposure (OSHA Standard No. 1910.95). United States Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.95

Svenska institutet för standarder. (2018). Riskhantering - Vägledning (ISO 31000:2018, IDT). https://www.sis.se/produkter/foretagsorganisation/foretagsorganisation-och-foretagsledning-ledningssystem/foretagsorganisation/ss-iso-310002018/

Parenthetical: (Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA], 1970; Svenska institutet för standarder [SIS], 2018)

Narrative: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, 1970) and Svenska institutet för standarder (SIS, 2018)

Provide the full name of the group on first mention in the text, followed by the abbreviation. The next time you cite the source, the abbreviation is used.

Unpublished Work

Unpublished manuscript

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of work [Description]. Source. URL

Guo, L., Sandsjo, L., Catalan, M. J. O., & Skrifvars, M. (2020). Systematic review of textile-based electrodes for long-term and continuous surface electromyography recording [Manuscript in preparation]. Signals and systems, Chalmers University of Technology. https://research.chalmers.se/publication/514724

Jewell, J., & Cherp, A. (2020). On the political feasibility of climate change mitigation pathways: Is it too late to keep warming below 1.5°C? [Unpublished manuscript]. Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology. https://research.chalmers.se/publication/513896

Parenthetical: (Guo et al., 2020; Jewell & Cherp, 2020)

Narrative: Guo et al. (2020) and Jewell and Cherp (2020)

Informally published work

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C. & Author, D. D. (Date). Title of work [Description]. DOI

Hampton, S., Rabagliati, H., Sorace, A., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2017). Autism and bilingualism: A qualitative interview study of parents’ perspectives and experiences. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/76xfs

Parenthetical: (Hampton et al., 2017)

Narrative: Hampton et al. (2017)

Webpage and Website

Template

Author	Date	Title	Source
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. Name of Group. Title of work.*	(2020). (2020, August). (2020, September 21). (n.d.).	Title of work.	Site Name.**	https://xxxxx Retrieved December 22, 2020, from https://xxxxx***

Author

Date

Title

Source

Website name

URL

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.

Name of Group.

Title of work.*

(2020).

(2020, August).

(2020, September 21).

(n.d.).

Title of work.

Site Name.**

https://xxxxx

Retrieved December 22, 2020, from https://xxxxx***

* Provide the title in the author element if the author is missing.

** When the site name is the same as the author omit the informationen from the source element.

*** Include a retrieval date only if the work is unarchived and designed to change over time. Read more about retrieval date under General Guidlines.

Webpage with an individual author

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of work. Website name. URL

Austin, D. (2006). How Google finds your needle in the web´s haystack. American Mathematical Society. http://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/feature-column/fcarc-pagerank

Parenthetical: (Austin, 2006)

Narrative: Austin (2006)

Webpage on a website with a corporate author

Name of Group. (Date). Title of work. URL

Chalmers University of Technology. (2020, September 2). About Chalmers. https://www.chalmers.se/en/about-chalmers/Pages/default.aspx

Parenthetical: (Chalmers University of Technology, 2020)

Narrative: Chalmers University of Technology (2020)

Entire webpage

We created our survey using Qualtrics (https://www.qualtrics.com).

* To mention a website in general, do not create a reference list entry or an in-text citation. Instead, include the name of the website in the text and provide the URL in parentheses.

Sound and Image

Template

Author	Date	Title	Source
Director, D. D. (Director). Producer, P. P. (Executive producer). Host, H. H. (Host). Artist, A. A. Upploader, U. U.	(2020). (1989-present). (2013-2019). (2020, May 2).	Title of work [Description].	Production Company. Label. Museum Name, Museum Location. Department Name, University Name. Image Database.	https://xxxxx Retrieved August 8, 2019, from https://xxxxx

Author

Date

Title

Source

Publisher

URL

Director, D. D. (Director).

Producer, P. P. (Executive producer).

Host, H. H. (Host).

Artist, A. A.

Upploader, U. U.

(2020).

(1989-present).

(2013-2019).

(2020, May 2).

Title of work [Description].

Production Company.

Label.

Museum Name, Museum Location.

Department Name, University Name.

Image Database.

https://xxxxx

Retrieved August 8, 2019, from https://xxxxx

Artwork

Artist, A. A. (Date). Title of work [Description]. Museum Name, Museum Location. URL

Cole, T. (1842). The voyage of life: Youth [Painting]. National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., USA. https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.52451.html

Delacroix, E. (1826-1827). Faust attempts to seduce Marguerite [Litograph]. The Louvre, Paris, France.

Parenthetical: (Cole, 1842; Delacroix, 1826-1827)

Narrative: Cole (1842) and Delacroix (1826-1827)

Images (Stock Photos & Clip Art)

Author, A.A. (Date). Title of work [Description]. Source. URL

Can Pac Swire. (2019). Dutch cargo ship Aragonborg of Delfzijl [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/people/18378305@N00/

Parenthetical: (Can Pac Swire, 2019)

Narrative: Can Pac Swire (2019)

If you include an image in your text, you should also provide a reference and a license applied. APA Style has further instructions on how you should work with images in your text:

Map

Name of Group. (Date). Title of work [Map]. Source. URL

Google. (n.d.). [Google maps directions for driving from Gothenburg to Stockholm]. Retrieved March 2, 2020, from https://www.google.se/maps

Sveriges geologiska undersökning. (n.d.). [Map]. Retrieved March 27, 2020, from http://apps.sgu.se/kartvisare/kartvisare-fororenade-omraden-sv.html

Parenthetical: (Google, n.d.; Sveriges geologiska undersökning, n.d.)

Narrative: Google (n.d.) and Sveriges geologiska undersökning, (n.d.)

* Dynamically created maps do not have a title, describe the map in square brackets, and include a retrieval date.

Podcast episode

Host, H. H. (Host). (Date). Title of episode [Podcast episode]. In Title of podcast. Production Company. URL

Krotoski, A. (Host). (2020, March 20). Lab rats (Series 19) [Podcast episode]. In The Digital Human. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000g4zs

Parenthetical: (Krotoski, 2020)

Narrative: Krotoski (2020)

PowerPoint presentation

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of work [Description]. Source. URL

Lari, T. (2008). Supersimmetria measurements with ATLASAfter we have discovered New Physics, can we understand what it is? [PowerPoint presentation]. https://scholar.google.se/scholar?q=filetype%3Appt+intitle%3ASupersymmetry+measurements+with+ATLAS&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5

Vanderbauwhede, W. (2020). A few thoughts on work life-balance [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/WimVanderbauwhede/a-few-thoughts-on-work-lifebalance

Parenthetical: (Lari, 2008; Vanderbauwhede, 2020)

Narrative: Lari (2008) and Vanderbauwhede (2020)

TED Talk

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of work [Video]. Source. URL

McEuen, P., & Miskin, M. (2019, November). Tiny robots with giant potential [Video]. TED. https://www.ted.com/talks/paul_mceuen_and_marc_miskin_tiny_robots_with_giant_potential

TED. (2017, January 31). The next step in nanotechnology: George Tulevski [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0

Parenthetical: (McEuen & Miskin, 2019; TED, 2017)

Narrative: McEuen and Miskin (2019) and TED (2017)

* When a TED Talk comes from TED´s website use the name of the speaker as the author. When a TED Talk is on YouTube list the owner of the YouTube account as the author.

TV-show

Producer, P. P. (Date). Title of work [TV-show]. URL

SVT. (2020, February 17). Naturens smarta lösningar [TV-show]. https://www.svtplay.se/naturens-smarta-losningar

Parenthetical: (SVT, 2020)

Narrative: SVT (2020)

Webinar

Host, H. H. (Host). (Date). Title of webinar [Webinar]. Source. URL

Davenport, T. H. (Host). (2020, January 27). Creating a data-driven culture [Webinar]. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/webinar/2020/01/creating-a-data-driven-culture

Parenthetical: (Davenport, 2020)

Narrative: Davenport (2020)

YouTube video or other streaming video

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of work [Video].YouTube. URL

EFN. (2016, October 10). Grafen – det nya supermaterialet [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fXdj7aQS7Q

Learn Engineering. (2019, June 4). Why lithium-ion batteries are the future? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvGB4ZyMvBU

Parenthetical: (EFN, 2016; Learn Engineering, 2019)

Narrative: EFN (2016) and Learn Engineering (2019)